Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: the Mountain, Hill, Siwalik Regions and Terai Regions. These ecological belts run east-west and are vertically intersected by Nepal's major, north to south flowing river systems. Nepal experiences five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. The Himalaya blocks cold winds from Central Asia in the winter and forms the northern limit of the moonsoon and patterns. In a land once thickly forested, deforestation is a major problem in all regions, with resulting erosion and degredation of ecosystems.
The dramatic differences in elevation found in Nepal result in a variety of biomes, from tropical savannas along the Indian border, to subtropical broadleaf and coniferous forests in the Hill Region, to temperate broad-leaf and coniferous forests on the slopes of the Himalaya, to mountain grassland and shurbland and rock and ice at the highest elevations.
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